Processing and characterization of large area InP nanowire photovoltaic devices.

III-V nanowire (NW) photovoltaic devices promise high efficiencies at reduced materials usage. However, research has so far focused on small devices, mostly ≤1 mm2. In this study, the upscaling potential of axial junction InP NW photovoltaic devices is investigated. Device processing was carried out on a full 2″ wafer, with device sizes up to 1 cm2, which is a significant increase from the mm-scale III-V NW photovoltaic devices published previously. The short-circuit current density of the largest 1 cm2devices, in which 460 million NWs are contacted in parallel, is on par with smaller devices. This enables a record power generation of 6.0 mW under AM1.5 G illumination, more than one order of magnitude higher than previous III-V NW photovoltaic devices. On the other hand, the fill factor of the larger devices is lower in comparison with smaller devices, which affects the device efficiency. By use of electroluminescence mapping, resistive losses in the indium tin oxide (ITO) front contact are found to limit the fill factor of the large devices. We use combined light-beam induced current (LBIC) and photoluminescence (PL) mapping as a powerful characterization tool for NW photovoltaic devices. From the LBIC and PL maps, local defects can be identified on the fully processed devices.

Cellular traction forces: a useful parameter in cancer research.

The search for new cancer biomarkers is essential for fundamental research, diagnostics, as well as for patient treatment and monitoring. Whereas most cancer biomarkers are biomolecules, an increasing number of studies show that mechanical cues are promising biomarker candidates. Although cell deformability has been shown to be a possible cancer biomarker, cellular forces as cancer biomarkers have been left largely unexplored. Here, we measure traction forces of cancer and normal-like cells at high spatial resolution using a robust method based on dense vertical arrays of nanowires. A force map is created using automated image analysis based on the localization of the fluorescent tips of the nanowires. We show that the force distribution and magnitude differ between MCF7 breast cancer cells and MCF10A normal-like breast epithelial cells, and that monitoring traction forces can be used to investigate the effects of anticancer drugs.

A Method for Investigation of Size-Dependent Protein Binding to Nanoholes Using Intrinsic Fluorescence of Proteins.

We have developed a novel method to study the influence of surface nanotopography on human fibrinogen adsorption at a given surface chemistry. Well-ordered arrays of nanoholes with different diameters down to 45 nm and a depth of 50 nm were fabricated in silicon by electron beam lithography and reactive ion etching. The nanostructured chip was used as a model system to understand the effect of size of the nanoholes on fibrinogen adsorption. Fluorescence imaging, using the intrinsic fluorescence of proteins, was used to characterize the effect of the nanoholes on fibrinogen adsorption. Atomic force microscopy was used as a complementary technique for further characterization of the interaction. The results demonstrate that as the size of the nanoholes is reduced to 45 nm, fibrinogen adsorption is significantly increased.

New flexible toolbox for nanomechanical measurements with extreme precision and at very high frequencies.

We show that the principally two-dimensional (2D) scanning tunneling microscope (STM) can be used for imaging of 1D micrometer high free-standing nanowires. We can then determine nanowire megahertz resonance frequencies, image their top-view 2D resonance shapes, and investigate axial stress on the nanoscale. Importantly, we demonstrate the extreme sensitivity of electron tunneling even at very high frequencies by measuring resonances at hundreds of megahertz with a precision far below the angstrom scale.

Fifteen-piconewton force detection from neural growth cones using nanowire arrays.

We used epitaxially grown monodisperse nanowire arrays to measure cellular forces with a spatial resolution of 1 mum. Nerve cells were cultured on the array and cellular forces were calculated from the displacement of the nanowire tips. The measurements were done in situ on live cells using confocal microscopy. Forces down to 15 pN were measured on neural growth cones, showing that this method can be used to study the fine details of growth-cone dynamics.

Monolithic GaAs/InGaP nanowire light emitting diodes on silicon.

Vertical light emitting diodes (LEDs) based on GaAs/InGaP core/shell nanowires, epitaxially grown on GaP and Si substrates, have been fabricated. The devices can be fabricated over large areas and can be precisely positioned on the substrates, by the use of standard lithography techniques, enabling applications such as on-chip optical communication. LED functionality was established on both kinds of substrate, and the devices were evaluated in terms of temperature-dependent photoluminescence and electroluminescence.

Optical interference from pairs and arrays of nanowires.

The angle dependence of the scattered light from pairs and one-dimensional arrays of nanowires was studied. The intensity of the scattered light varied distinctly during rotation of the structure. The results could be theoretically modeled by treating a pair of nanowires as a double slit and an array of nanowires as a grating. The correspondence between theory and experimental results conclusively proves that the variations are due to the proposed interference effects.